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CONTROL VALVE
1
SOURCEBOOK
1
Table of Contents
5
Pulp and Paper Control Valves
7
Globe Valves
10
Rotary Valves
12
Eccentric-Disk Control Valve
13
Control-Disk Valve
14
V-notch Ball Control Valve
14
Control Valve End Connections
15
Valve Body Bonnets
16
Extension Bonnets
17
Bellows Seal Bonnets
18
Control Valve Packing
19
Fugitive Emissions
20
Graphite) Packing System
22
ULF Packing System
22
Valve Bodies
23
Characterized Valve Plugs
24
Valve Plug Guiding
25
General Selection Criteria
26
Conclusion
28
General Service
29
Liquid Level Systems
30
Pressure Control Systems
30
Flow Control Processes
30
Actuator Selection
33
Torque or Thrust Requirements
34
Control Functions
34
Economics
34
Actuator Designs
35
Piston Actuators
36
W9589-1 W9588-1
37
Actuator Sizing
39
Actuator Force Calculations
40
The Selection Process
41
Fisher TCMt Plus Ball Seal
42
Actuator Selection Summary
43
Liquid Valve Sizing
45
Sizing Valves for Liquids
49
Table 3-2. Equation Constants
51
Liquid Sizing Sample Problem
53
Sizing for Pulp Stock
55
Cavitation and Flashing
59
Figure 4-2. Generalized r
60
Cavitation
61
Cavitation in Pulp Stock
62
Flashing
62
Viscous Flow
62
Valve Material Damage
64
Cavitation / Flashing Damage
65
Selection Procedure
66
Application Guidelines
66
Additional Guidelines
66
Hardware Choices for Flashing
67
Applications
67
System Design
68
Drilled Hole Design
70
Characterized Cage
70
Cavitation Control Hardware
71
Alternatives
71
Gas Sizing
73
Determining x
74
, the Pressure Drop
74
Ratio Factor
74
Problem No. 1
74
Table 5-2. Equation Constants
78
Gas or Liquid Flow
79
Control Valve Noise
81
Sound Characteristics
82
Combining Noise Sources
82
Sources of Valve Noise
83
Noise Prediction
84
Methods to Attenuate Noise
85
Figure 6-3. Whisper Trim III
86
Path Treatment
87
Hydrodynamic Noise
88
Two-Phase Noise
89
Control Valve Noise Summary
90
Steam Conditioning
91
Why Desuperheat?
93
Desuperheating
94
Desuperheaters
94
Steam Conditioning Valves
97
Installation Guidelines
99
Turbine Bypass Systems
100
High Pressure Bypass
101
Hot-Reheat and Low Pressure
102
Two-Shift Operation
103
Load Rejection/Quick Restart
104
Short Notes:
104
Warm Starts
104
Hot Starts
104
Process Overview
105
Evaporation
106
Causticizing
107
Bleaching
107
Stock Preparation
108
Paper Machine
108
Utilities
109
Waste Treatment
110
C0810 / IL
111
Figure 8-3. Utilities
113
Chapter 9
115
Chemithermomechanical Pulp
116
Chemical Pulping
117
Recovery Process:
118
Digesters
119
Cooking Time
122
Cooking Temperature
122
Cooking Pressure
122
Pressure Profile
122
False Pressure
124
Overpressure
124
Relief or Gas Off
124
Blow Back
124
Blow Tank
124
Control Valve Selection
125
Batch Digester – Low Energy
126
Refer to figure 10A-6
129
Continuous Digesters
131
Pressurizing
132
Chip Feeding
132
Figure 10B-1. Chip Feeding
133
Pre-steaming and Conditioning
134
Heating Stage
142
Valve: KV-60A and B Bottom
143
Cooking Zone
144
Valve: HV-16 Digester washer
145
1. Dual vessel only
150
Chapter 11
155
Auxiliary Equipment
157
Concentrators
158
P=Primary Valve Choise
160
S=Secondary Valve Chice
160
T=Throttling Service
160
O/O=On/Off Service
160
Chapter 12
161
Kraft Recovery Boiler
163
Process:
164
Conditions:
164
Typical Process Conditions:
164
Chemical Reduction
165
P=Primary Valve Choice
166
S=Secondary Valve Choice
166
Chapter 13
169
Causticizers
170
Lime Mud Filter
171
Lime Recovery
172
0814 / IL
173
Bleaching and Brightening
177
Conventional Bleaching
178
Fiberline
179
Totally Chlorine Free
179
Mechanical Pulping
180
Chlorine Dioxide Applications
181
Design Considerations
182
Typical Specification
182
Oxygen (O) Stage
183
Figure 14-7. Oxygen (O) Stage
184
Refining
186
Blend Chest
187
Stock Screening
187
Machine Chest
187
Thin Stock Process
188
Stuffbox
188
Basis Weight Valve
188
White Water
188
Cleaners
189
Brown Stock Rejects Valve
190
Deaeration Chamber
190
Broke Handling
190
Compact Stock Process
190
Medium Consistency (MC) Pump
192
Design Considerations:
192
Typical Specification:
192
Wet-End Chemistry
193
Titanium Dioxide (TiO
195
) Applications
195
Figure 17-2
198
Forming Wire
199
Fourdrinier Multi-Ply Process
200
Twin Wire Formers
200
Figure 17-8. Cylinder Former
201
Figure 17-9. Gap-Wire Former
201
Figure 17-10. Top-Wire Former
202
Figure 17-12. Roll Press
203
Figure 17-13. Shoe Press
203
Press Arrangements
204
Steam and Condensate System
205
Hood Ventilation
205
Size Press
207
Calendaring
207
Roll Finishing
208
Boilers — Water/Steam Cycle
209
Boiler Feedwater System
210
Steam Generation
211
Steam Turbine Generators
212
Main Steam PRV and Turbine
212
Condensing and Cooling System
213
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